Apple has all the malware definitions in its XProtect file which sits on your Mac, and every time you download a new application it checks that none of those definitions are present.
In addition Apple has its own built-in anti-malware tool. If you were to install something from an unknown developer Apple would warn you to check it’s authenticity. You can specify whether only apps from the Mac App Store can be installed, or if you are happy to allow apps from identified developers too. You can check these settings in macOS Ventura’s System Settings > Privacy & Security and scroll to the Security section, or, if you are using Monterey or older, go to System Preferences > Security & Privacy > General. For example, macOS shouldn’t allow the installation of third-party software unless it’s from the App Store or identified developers. Luckily Apple has various measures in place to guard against such threats.
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